Resources

Article Resources

NIH Publication No. 00-4180Printed October 1999, Reprinted July 2000

Johnston LD, O’Malley PM, and Bachman JG. Monitoring the Future: National Survey Results on Drug Use, Overview of Key Findings. (In Press.) Bethesda, MD, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2004. Available at: www.monitoringthefuture.org.

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Overview of Findings from the 2003 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (Office of Applied Studies, NHSDA Series H-24, DHHS Publication No. SMA 04-3963), Rockville, MD, 2004.

National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Exploring Myths about Drug Abuse" by Alan I. Leshner, Ph.D.

Principles of Drug Addiction Treatment: A Research Based Guide: NIH Publication No. 00-4180Printed October 1999, Reprinted July 2000

National Institute on Drug Abuse. NIDA InfoFacts: Drug Addiction Treatment Methods: Bethesda, MD: NIDA, NIH, DHHS. Retrieved June 2003.

Join Together http://www.jointogether.org

Drug Info Resources

Alcohol Article Sources

Alcohol Free Children www.alcoholfreechildren.org/en/audiences/hlth_care.cfm

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism www.niaaa.nih.gov/

National Institute on Drug Abuse: www.nida.nih.gov/index.html

Club Drugs Article Sources

National Institute on Drug Abuse - Club Drugs: www.nida.nih.gov/DrugPages/Clubdrugs.html

National Institute on Drug Abuse - Club Drugs Info Facts: www.nida.nih.gov/infofacts/Clubdrugs.html

Cocaine Article Sources

Gold, Mark S. Cocaine (and Crack): Clinical Aspects (181-198), Substance Abuse: A Comprehensive Textbook, Third Edition, Lowinson, ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1997.

Harvey, John A. and Kosofsky, Barry, eds. Cocaine: Effects on the Developing Brain. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Volume 846, 1998.

National Institute on Drug Abuse. Epidemiologic Trends in Drug Abuse: Vol. 1. Highlights and Executive Summary of the Community Epidemiology Work Group. NIH Pub. No. 98-4207. Washington, DC: Supt. of Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1997.

National Institute on Drug Abuse. NIDA Infofax, Crack and Cocaine, 1998.

National Institute on Drug Abuse. National Survey Results on Drug Use From the Monitoring the Future Survey, 1998.

Office of National Drug Control Policy. The National Drug Control Strategy, 1998: A Ten Year Plan.

Snyder, Solomon H. Drugs and the Brain (122-130). New York: Scientific American Library, 1996.

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Preliminary Results from the 1997 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse. SAMHSA, 1998.

Ecstasy Article Sources

National Institute on Drug Abuse. Research Report – Ecstasy, March 2006, Vol. 06-4728

National Institute on Drug Abuse. Monitoring the Future: National Results on Adolescent Drug Use 2004.

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Office of Applied Studies. Results from the 2004 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: National Findings (NSDUH Series H-28). DHHS Pub. No. (SMA) 05-4062. SAMHSA, (2005).

Fentanyl Article Sources

National Institute on Drug Abuse. Drug Pages – Fentanyl. http://www.drugabuse.gov/drugpages/fentanyl.html

Hallucinogen Article Sources

2005 Monitoring the Future survey, funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, and conducted annually by the University of Michigan’s Institute for Social Research. The survey has tracked 12th-graders’ illicit drug use and related attitudes since 1975; in 1991, 8th- and 10th-graders were added to the study. The latest data are online at www.drugabuse.gov.

NSDUH (formerly known as the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse) is an annual survey of Americans age 12 and older conducted by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Copies of the latest survey are available at www.samhsa.gov and from the National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information at 800-729-6686.

Hallucinogens and Dissociative Drugs Research Report - National Institute on Drug Abuse http://www.drugabuse.gov/ResearchReports/hallucinogens/
hallucinogens.html

InfoFacts on High School and Youth Trends http://www.drugabuse.gov/infofacts/HSYouthtrends.html

Abraham, H.D.; Aldridge, A.M.; and Gogia, P. The psychopharmacology of hallucinogens. Neuropsychopharmacology 14: 285-298, 1996.

Aghajanian, G.K., and Marek, G.J. Serotonin and hallucinogens. Neuropsychopharmacology 21: 16S-23S, 1999.

Backstrom, J.R.; Chang, M.S.; Chu, H.; Niswender, C.M.; and Sanders-Bush, E. Agonist-directed signaling of serotonin 5-HT2c receptors: differences between serotonin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Neuropsychopharmacology 21: 77S-81S, 1999.

Carroll, M.E. PCP and hallucinogens. Advances in Alcohol and Substance Abuse 9(1-2): 167-190, 1990.

Christophersen, A.S. Amphetamine designer drugs: an overview and epidemiology. Toxicology Letters 112-113: 127-131, 2000.

Frankenheim, J., and Lin, G.C. Hallucinogenic Drugs. In: Craighead, W.E., and Nemeroff, C., eds. Encyclopedia of Psychology and Neuroscience. New York: John Wiley & Sons, in press.

Hofmann, A. LSD: My Problem Child. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1980.

Javitt, D.C., and Zukin, S.R. Recent advances in the phencyclidine model of schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 148:1301-1308, 1991.

Sanders-Bush, E. Neurochemical Evidence That Hallucinogenic Drugs are 5-HT2c Receptor Agonists: What Next? In: Lin, G.C., and Glennon, R.A., eds. Hallucinogens: An Update. National Institute on Drug Abuse Research Monograph No. 146. NIH Pub. No. 94-3872. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1994.

Ungerleider, J.T., and Pechnick, R.N. Hallucinogens. In: Lowenstein, J.H.; Ruiz, P.; and Millman, R.B., eds. Substance Abuse: A Comprehensive Textbook, Second Edition. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1992.

Heroin Article Sources

National Institute on Drug Abuse. NIDA InfoFacts: Heroin http://www.nida.nih.gov/infofacts/heroin.html

These data are from the annual Drug Abuse Warning Network, funded by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, DHHS. The survey provides information about emergency department visits that are induced by or related to the use of an illicit drug or the nonmedical use of a legal drug. The latest data are available at 800-729-6686 or online at www.samhsa.gov

** These data are from the 2005 Monitoring the Future Survey, funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, and conducted annually by the University of Michigan’s Institute for Social Research. The survey has tracked 12th-graders’ illicit drug use and related attitudes since 1975; in 1991, 8th- and 10th-graders were added to the study. The latest data are online at www.drugabuse.gov.

*** "Lifetime" refers to use at least once during a respondent's lifetime. "Annual" refers to use at least once during the year preceding an individual's response to the survey. "30-day" refers to use at least once during the 30 days preceding an individual’s response to the survey

**** CEWG is a NIDA-sponsored network of researchers from 21 major U.S. metropolitan areas and selected foreign countries who meet semiannually to discuss the current epidemiology of drug abuse. CEWG’s most recent reports are available at www.drugabuse.gov/about/organization/cewg/pubs.html

***** NSDUH (formerly known as the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse) is an annual survey of Americans age 12 and older conducted by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Copies of the latest survey are available at www.samhsa.gov and from the National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information at 800-729-6686.

Inhalant Article Sources

Balster, R.L. Neural basis of inhalant abuse. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 51(1-2):207-214, 1998.

Bowen, S.E.; Wiley, J.L.; Evans, E.B.; Tokarz, M.E.; and Balster, R.L. Functional observational battery comparing effects of ethanol, 1,1,1-trichlorethane, ether, and flurothyl. Neurotoxicology and Teratology 18(5):577-585, 1996.

Drug Abuse Warning Network, funded by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, DHHS. The survey provides information about emergency department visits that are induced by or related to the use of an illicit drug or the nonmedical use of a legal drug. The latest data are available at 800-729-6686 or online at www.samhsa.gov.

Edwards, R.W., and Oetting, E.R. Inhalant use in the United States. In: Kozel, N.; Sloboda, Z.; and De La Rosa, M. (eds.), Epidemiology of Inhalant Abuse: An International Perspective. National Institute on Drug Abuse Research Monograph 148. DHHS Publication No. NIH 95-3831. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 8-28, 1995.

Fendrich, M.; Mackesy-Amiti, M.E.; Wislar, J.S.; and Goldstein, P.J. Childhood abuse and the use of inhalants: Differences by degree of use. American Journal of Public Health 87(5):765-769, 1997.

Jones, H.E., and Balster, R.L. Inhalant abuse in pregnancy. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America 25(1):153-167, 1998.

National Institute on Drug Abuse. NIDA InfoFacts, Inhalants, 2005.

National Institute on Drug Abuse. Research Report: Inhalant 2005 http://www.drugabuse.gov/ResearchReports/ Inhalants/Inhalants.html

National Institute on Drug Abuse. National Survey Results on Drug Use From the Monitoring the Future Study, 2005 (www.monitoringthefuture.org). 2005 Monitoring the Future Survey, funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, and conducted annually by the University of Michigan’s Institute for Social Research. The survey has tracked 12th-graders’ illicit drug use and related attitudes since 1975; in 1991, 8th- and 10th-graders were added to the study. The latest data are online at www.drugabuse.gov.

PRIDE Surveys National Summary for Grades 4 thru 6, 2002-2003.

Riegel, A.C., and French, E.D. Acute toluene induces biphasic changes in rat spontaneous locomotor activity which are blocked by remoxipride. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 62(3):399-402, 1999.

Sharp, C.W., and Rosenberg, N.L. Inhalants. In: Lowinson, J.H.; Ruiz, P.; Millman, R.B.; and Langrod, J.G. (eds.), Substance Abuse: A Comprehensive Textbook, 3d. ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 246-264, 1996.

Sharp, C.W., and Rosenberg, N. Inhalant-related disorders. In: Tasman, A.; Kay, J.; and Lieberman, J.A. (eds.), Psychiatry, Vol. 1. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 835-852, 1997.

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. National Findings From the 2003 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. SAMHSA, 2003.

Soderberg, L.S. Immunomodulation by nitrite inhalants may predispose abusers to AIDS and Kaposi's sarcoma. Journal of Neuroimmunology 83(1-2):157-161, 1998.

Soderberg, L.S. Increased tumor growth in mice exposed to inhaled isobutyl nitrite. Toxicology Letters 104(1-2):35-41, 1999.

Woody, G.E.; Donnell, D.; Seage, G.R.; et al. Non-injection substance use correlates with risky sex among men having sex with men: Data from HIV/NET. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 53(3):197-205, 1999.

LSD Article Sources

The 2005 Monitoring the Future survey, is funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, and conducted annually by the University of Michigan’s Institute for Social Research. The survey has tracked 12th-graders’ illicit drug use and related attitudes since 1975; in 1991, 8th- and 10th-graders were added to the study. The latest data are online at www.drugabuse.gov.

"Lifetime" refers to use at least once during a respondent’s lifetime. "Annual" refers to use at least once during the year preceding an individual’s response to the survey. "30-day" refers to use at least once during the 30 days preceding an individual's response to the survey.

NSDUH (formerly known as the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse) is an annual survey of Americans age 12 and older conducted by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Copies of the latest survey are available at www.samhsa.gov and from the National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information at 800-729-6686.

NIDA InfoFacts: LSD. http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugPages/ACIDLSD.html Revised 05/06

Marijuana Article Sources

National Institute on Drug Abuse - Marijuana. http://www.drugabuse.gov/DrugPages/Marijuana.html

National Institute on Drug Abuse – Info Facts http://www.drugabuse.gov/infofacts/marijuana.html

National Institute on Drug Abuse – Research Report-Marijuana Abuse http://www.drugabuse.gov/ResearchReports/ Marijuana/default.html

Results from the 2004 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: National Findings (Office of Applied Studies, NSDUH Series H–27, DHHS Publication No. SMA 05–4061). Rockville, MD, 2004. NSDUH is an annual survey conducted by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Copies of the latest survey are available from the National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information at 800-729-6686.

2005 Monitoring the Future Survey, funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, and conducted annually by the University of Michigan’s Institute for Social Research. The survey has tracked 12th-graders’ illicit drug use and related attitudes since 1975; in 1991, 8th- and 10th-graders were added to the study. The latest data are online at www.drugabuse.gov.

Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS) 2003: Substance Abuse Treatment Admissions by Primary Substance of Abuse, According to Sex, Age Group, Race, and Ethnicity, funded by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, DHHS. The latest data are available at 800-729-6686 or online at www.samhsa.gov.

Johnston, L.D.; O'Malley, P.M.; and Bachman, J.G. Monitoring the Future; National Results on Adolescent Drug Use, Overview and Key Findings, 2004. NIH Pub. No. 05-5506. Bethesda, MD: NIDA, NIH, DHHS, 2005.

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Results from the 2003 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: National Findings. NSDUH Series H-25. DHHS Pub. No. (SMA) 04-3964. Rockville, MD: DHHS, 2004.

ElSohly, M.A. Quarterly report: Potency monitoring project. February 2004, unpublished.

Tashkin, D.P. Pulmonary complications of smoked substance abuse. West J Med 152:525-530, 1990.

Sarafian, T.A.; Magallanes, J.A.; Shau, H.; Tashkin, D.; and Roth, M.D. Oxidative stress produced by marijuana smoke. An adverse effect enhanced by cannabinoids. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 20(6):1286-1293, 1999.

Roth, M.D.; Arora, A.; Barsky, S.H.; Kleerup, E.C.; Simmons, M.; and Tashkin, D.P. Airway inflammation in young marijuana and tobacco smokers. Am. J. Respir Crit Care Med 157(3):928-937, 1998.

Heishman, S.J.; Arasteh, K; and Stitzer, M.L. Comparative effects of alcohol and marijuana on mood, memory, and performance. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 58(1):93-101, 1997.

Fletcher, J.M.; Page, J.B.; Francis, D.J.; Copeland, K.; Naus, M.J.; Davis, C.M.; Morris, R.; Krauskopf, D.; and Satz, P. Cognitive correlates of chronic cannabis use in Costa Rican men. Archives of General Psychiatry 53:1051-1057, 1996.

Block, R.I., and Ghoneim, M.M. Effects of chronic marijuana use on human cognition. Psychopharmacology 100(1-2): 219-228, 1993.

Graham, A.W.; Schultz, T.K.; and Wilford, B.B. (eds.). Principles of Addiction Medicine, 2nd Edition. Chevy Chase, MD: American Society of Addiction Medicine, Inc., 1998.

Ameri, A. The effects of cannabinoids on the brain. Prog Neurobiol 58(4):315-348, 1999.

Patrick, G., and Struve, F.A. Reduction of auditory P50 gating response in marihuana users: further supporting data. Clin Electroencephalogr 31(2):88-93, 2000.

Srivastava, M.D.; Srivastava, B.I.; and Brouhard, B. Delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol alter cytokine production by human immune cells. Immunopharmacology 40(3):179-185, 1998.

Zhu, L.X.; Sharma, M.; Stolina, S.; Gardner, B.; Roth, M.D.; Tashkin, D.P.; and Dubinett, S.M. Delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol inhibits antitumor immunity by a CB-2 receptor-mediated, cytokine dependent-pathway. J Immunology 165(1):373-380, 2000.

Gilman, A.G.; Rall, T.W.; Nies, A.S.; and Taylor, P. (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th Edition. New York: Pergamon Press, 1998.

Adams, I.B.; and Martin, B.R. Cannabis: Pharmacology and toxicology in animals and humans. Addiction 91:1585-1614, 1996.

7Zhang, Z.-F.; Morgenstern, H.; Spitz, M.R.; Tashkin, D.P.; Yu, G.-P.; Marshall, J.R.; Hsu, T.C; and Schantz, S.P. Marijuana use and increased risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 6:1071-1078, 1999.

Brook, J.S.; Rosen, Z.; Brook, D.W. The effect of early marijuana use on later anxiety and depressive symptoms. NYS Psychologist January:35-39, 2001.

Wilson, W.; Mathew, R.; Turkington, T.; Hawk, T.; Coleman, R.E.; and Provenzale, J. Brain morphological changes and early marijuana use: A magnetic resonance and positron emission tomography study. J Addict Dis 19(1):1-22, 2000.

Brook, J.S.; Balka, E.B.; and Whiteman, M. The risks for late adolescence of early adolescent marijuana use. Am J Public Health 89(10):1549-1554, 1999.

Community Epidemiology Work Group. Epidemiologic Trends in Drug Abuse, Vol. II, Proceedings of the Community Epidemiology Work Group. December 2003. NIH Pub. No. 04-5365. Bethesda, MD: NIDA, NIH, DHHS, 2004.

ElSohly, M.A.; Ross, S.A.; Mehmedic, Z.; Arafat, R.; Yi, B.; and Banahan, B. Potency trends of delta-9-THC and other cannabinoids in confiscated marijuana from 1980-1997. Journal of Forensic Sciences 45(1):24-30, 2000.

Johnston, L.D.; O'Malley, P.M.; and Bachman, J.G. Monitoring the Future: National Results on Adolescent Drug Use, Overview and Key Findings, 2004. NIH Pub. No. 05-5506. Bethesda, MD: NIDA, NIH, DHHS, 2005.

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies. Emergency Department Trends from DAWN: Final Estimates 1995-2002. DAWN Series D-24; DHHS Pub. No. (SMA) 03-3780. Rockville, MD: SAMHSA, 2003.

National Institute of Justice, Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring Program. Preliminary Data on Drug Use and Related Matters Among Adult Arrestees & Juvenile Detainees, 2002. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, 2002.

Herkenham, M.; Lynn, A.; Little, M.D.; Johnson, M.R.; Melvin, L.S.; de Costa, B.R.; and Rice K.C. Cannabinoid receptor localization in the brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci, USA. 87(5):1932-1936, 1990.

Ohlsson, A.; Lindgren, J.E.; Wahlen, A.; Agurell, S.; Hollister, L.E.; and Gillespie, H.K. Plasma delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol concentrations and clinical effects after oral and intravenous administration and smoking. Clin Pharmacol Ther 28(3):409-416, 1980.

Foltin, R.W.; Fischman, M.W; Pedroso, J.J.; and Pearlson, G.D. Marijuana and cocaine interactions in humans: cardiovascular consequences. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 28(4):459-464,1987.

Chen, J.P.; Paredes, W.; Li, J.; Smith, D.; Lowinson, J.; and Gardner, E.L. Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol produces naloxone-blockable enhancement of presynaptic basal dopamine efflux in nucleus accumbens of conscious, freely-moving rats as measured by intracerebral microdialysis. Psychopharmacology 102:156-162, 1990.

French, E.D. Delta-9 THC excites ret VTA dopamine neurons through activation of cannabinoid CB1 but not opioid receptors. Neurosci Lett 226:159-162, 1997.

Leshner, A.I., and Koob, G.F. Drugs of abuse and the brain. Proc Assoc Amer Physicians 111(2):99-108, 1999.

Pope, H.G., and Yurgelun-Todd, D. The residual cognitive effects of heavy marijuana use in college students. JAMA 275(7):521-527, 1996.

Mason, A.P., and McBay, A.J. Ethanol, marijuana, and other drug use in 600 drivers killed in single-vehicle crashes in North Carolina, 1978-1981. J Forensic Sci 29(4):987-1026, 1984.

Williams, A.F.; Peat, M.A.; Crouch, D.J.; Wells, J.K.; and Finkle, B.S. Drugs in fatally injured young male drivers. Public Health Report 100(1):19-25, 1985.

Cimbura, G.; Lucas, D.M.; Bennett, R.C.; and Donelson, A.C. Incidence and toxicological aspects of cannabis and ethanol detected in 1,394 fatally injured drivers and pedestrians in Ontario (1982-1984). J Forensic Sci 35(5):1035-1041, 1990.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) Notes. Marijuana and alcohol combined severely impede driving performance. Annals of Emergency Medicine 35(4):398-399, 2000.

Ford, D.E.; Vu, H.T.; and Anthony, J.C. Marijuana use and cessation of tobacco smoking in adults from a community sample. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 67:243-248, 2002.

Polen, M.R; Sidney, S.; Tekawa, I.S.; Sadler. M.; and Friedman, G.D. Health care use by frequent marijuana smokers who do not smoke tobacco. West J Med 158:596-601, 1993.

Sridhar, K.S.; Raub, W.A.; Weatherby, N.L., Jr.; Metsch, L.R.; Surratt, H.L.; Inciardi, J.A.; Duncan, R.C.; Anwyl, R.S.; and McCoy, C.B. Possible role of marijuana smoking as a carcinogen in the development of lung cancer at a young age. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 26(3):285-288, 1994.

Hoffman, D.; Brunnemann, K.D.; Gori, G.B.; and Wynder, E.E.L. On the carcinogenicity of marijuana smoke. In: V.C. Runeckles, ed., Recent Advances in Phytochemistry. New York: Plenum, 1975.

Cohen, S. Adverse effects of marijuana: Selected issues. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 362:119-124, 1981.

Klein, T.W.; Newton, C.; and Friedman, H. Microbial infections, immunomodulation, and drugs of abuse. Clin Microbiol Rev 2003, April 16 (2):209-19.

Mittleman, M.A.; Lewis, R.A.; Maclure, M.; Sherwood, J.B.; and Muller, J.E. Triggering myocardial infarction by marijuana. Circulation 103:2805-2809, 2001.

Lynskey, M.; and Hall, W. The effects of adolescent cannabis use on educational attainment: A review. Addiction 95(11):1621-1630, 2000.

Kandel, D.B., and Davies, M. High school students who use crack and other drugs. Arch Gen Psychiatry 53(1):71-80, 1996.

Rob, M.; Reynolds, I.; and Finlayson, P.F. Adolescent marijuana use: Risk factors and implications. Aust NZ J Psychiatry 24(1):45-56, 1990.

Zwerling, C.; Ryan, J.; and Orav, E.J. The efficacy of preemployment drug screening for marijuana and cocaine in predicting employment outcome. JAMA; 264 (20): 2639-43, 1990.

Budney, A.J.; Moore, B.A.; Vandrey, R.G.; and Hughes, J.R. The time course and significance of cannabis withdrawal. J Abnorm Psychol 112(3):393-402, 2003.

Brook, J.S.; Cohen, P.; and Brook, D.W. Longitudinal study of co-occurring psychiatric disorders and substance use. J Acad Child and Adolescent Psych 37(3):322-330, 1998.

Pope, H.G.; Gruber, A.J.; Hudson, J.I.; Huestis, M.A.; and Yurgelun-Todd. D. Neuropsychological performance in long-term cannabis users. Arch Gen Psychiatry 58(10):909-915, 2001.

Scheier, L.M., and Botvin, G.J. Effects of early adolescent drug use on cognitive efficacy in early-late adolescence: A developmental structural model. Journal of Substance Abuse 7(4):397-404, 1996.

Gruber, A.J.; Pope, H.G.; Hudson, J.I.; and Yurgelun-Todd, D. Attributes of long-term heavy cannabis users: a case-control study. Psychological Medicine 33:1415-1422, 2003.

Lester, B.M., and Dreher, M. Effects of marijuana use during pregnancy on newborn crying. Child Development 60(23/24):764-771, 1989.

Fried, P.A. The Ottawa prenatal prospective study (OPPS): Methodological issues and findings. It's easy to throw the baby out with the bath water. Life Sciences 56:2159-2168, 1995.

Fried, P.A.; and Smith, A.M. A literature review of the consequences of prenatal marihuana exposure: An emerging theme of a deficiency in aspects of executive function. Neurotoxicology and Teratology 23(1): 1-11, 2001.

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS): 1992-2002, National Admissions to Substance Abuse Treatment Services. DASIS Series: S-23, DHHS Pub. No. (SMA) 04-3965. Rockville, MD: DHHS, 2004.

Haney, M.; Ward, A.S.; Comer, S.D.; Foltin, R.W.; and Fischman, M.W. Abstinence symptoms following smoked marijuana in humans. Psychopharmacology 141:395-404, 1999.

Budney, A.J.; Hughes, J.R.; Moore, B.A.; and Novy, P.L. Marijuana abstinence effects in marijuana smokers maintained in their home environment. Arch Gen Psychiatry 58:917-924, 2001.

Kouri, E.M.; Pope, H.G.; and Lukas, S.E. Changes in aggressive behavior during withdrawal from long-term marijuana use. Psychopharmacology 143:302-308, 1999.

Lynskey, M.T.; Heath, A.C.; Bucholz, K.K.; Slutske, W.S.; Madden, P.A.F.; Nelson, E.C.; Statham, D.J.; and Martin, N.G. Escalation of drug use in early-onset cannabis users vs. co-twin controls. JAMA 289(4):427-433, 2003.

Steinberg, K.L.; Roffman, R.A.; Carroll, K.M.; Kabela, E.; Kadden, R.; Miller, M.; and Duresky, D. The Marijuana Treatment Project Research Group. Tailoring cannabis dependence treatment for a diverse population. Addiction 97(Suppl 1):135-142, 2002.

Stephens, R.S.; Roffman R.A.; and Curtin, L. Comparison of extended versus brief treatments for marijuana use. J Consult Clin Psychol 68(5):898-908, 2000.

Budney, A.J.; Higgins, S.T.; Radonovich, K.J.; and Novy PL. Adding voucher-based incentives to coping skills and motivational enhancement improves outcomes during treatment for marijuana dependence. J Consult Clin Psychol 68(6):1051-1061, 2000.

Heyser, C.J.; Hampson, R.E.; and Deadwyler, S.A. Effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on delayed match to sample performance in rats: Alterations in short-term memory associated with changes in task-specific firing of hippocampal cells. Journal of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics 264(1):294-307, 1993.

Landfield, P.W.; Cadwallader, L.B.; and Vinsant, S. Quantitative changes in hippocampal structure following long exposure to delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol: Possible mediation of glucocorticoid systems. Brain Res 443(1-2):47-62, 1988.

Eldridge, J.C.; Murphy, L.L.; and Landfield, P.W. Cannabinoids and the hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor: recent findings and possible significance. Steroids 56:226-230, 1991.

Landfield, P.W.; Waymire, J.C.; and Lynch, G. Hippocampal aging and adrenocorticoids: quantitative correlations. Science 202:1098-1101, 1978.

Walker, M.J.; Huang, S.M.; Strangman, N.M.; Tsou, K.; and Sanudo-Pena, M.C. Pain modulation by the release of the endogenous cannabinoid anandamide. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 96(21):12198-12203, 1999.

Wenger, T.; Toth, B.E.; Juaneda, C.; Leonardelli, J.; and Tramu, G. The effects of cannabinoids on the regulation of reproduction. Life Sci 65(6-7):695-701, 1999.

Maldonado, R.; and Rodríguez de Fonseca, F. Cannabinoid addiction: Behavioral models and neural correlates. J Neuroscience 22(9):3326-3331, 2002.

Breivogel, C.S.; Scates, S.M.; Beletskaya, I.O.; Lowery, O.B.; Aceto, M.D.; and Martin, B.R. The effects of delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol physical dependence on brain cannabinoid receptors. Euro J Pharmacology 459:139-150, 2003.

Piomelli, D.; Giuffrida, A.; Calignano, A.; and Rodriguez de Fonseca, F. The endocannabinoid system as a target for therapeutic drugs. TIPS 21:218-224, 2000.

Fried, P.A.; and Makin, J.E. Neonatal behavioural correlates of prenatal exposure to marihuana, cigarettes and alcohol in a low risk population. Neurotoxicology and Teratology 9(1):1-7, 1987

Methamphetamine Article Sources

"Blood Level of Intravenous Drug Users," by R.L. Norton, B.T. Burton, and J. McGirr. Journal of Clinical Toxicology 34(4):425-30, 1996.

Epidemiologic Trends in Drug Abuse: Vol. I. Highlights and Executive Summary of the Community Epidemiology Work Group, June 2001. NIH Pub. No. 01-4916A. National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2001.

Epidemiologic Trends in Drug Abuse: Vol. II. Proceedings of the Community Epidemiology Work Group, June 2001. NIH Pub. No. 01-4917A. National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2001.

"Integrating Treatments for Methamphetamine Abuse: A Psychosocial Perspective," by A. Huber, W. Ling, S. Shoptaw, V. Gulati, P. Brethen, and R. Rawson. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 16(4):41-50, 1997.

"Like Methamphetamine, Ecstacy May Cause Long-Term Brain Damage," by R. Mathias. NIDA NOTES 11:7, 1996.

Methamphetamine Abuse (NIDA Capsules). National Institute on Drug Abuse, September 1997.

National Methamphetamine Strategy. U.S. Department of Justice, 1996.

National Survey Results on Drug Use From the Monitoring the Future Study, 1975-1994, Vol. I: Secondary School Students. NIH Pub. No. 93-3498. National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1995.

National Survey Results on Drug Use From the Monitoring the Future Study, 1975-1994, Vol. II: College Students and Young Adults. NIH Pub. No. 96-4027. National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1995.

"NIDA Survey Provides First National Data on Drug Abuse During Pregnancy," by R. Mathias. NIDA NOTES 10:6-7, 1995.

Summary of Findings from the 2000 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2000.

Detailed Emergency Department Tables 2000, Drug Abuse Warning Network. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, available online at www.samhsa.gov/oas/dawn.htm.

Rohypnol Article Sources

NIDA InfoFacts: Rohypnol and GHB: www.drugabuse.gov/infofacts/RohypnolGHB.html